![]() ![]() Faecal contamination remains, in coastal and inland regions around the world, the primary cause of closure for recreational use. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.īays, estuaries, and rivers provide ecological, economical, and recreational values to the community but they are under constant and increasing pressure from urbanisation, population growth, and a changing climate. The specific roles of these authors are also articulated in the “authors contributions" section in the online submission.Ĭompeting interests: The commercial affiliation of Melbourne Water, ENDETEC™, and Micromon does not present any competing interest that could interfere with the full and objective presentation, peer-review, editorial decision making, or publication of this research article submitted to PLOS ONE. Micromon did not have any additional role and did not influence the authors' decision to publish. Micromon were responsible for the NGS sample processing and analysis provided the information necessary in the Methods section of this manuscript and provided the NGS data. ![]() Micromon did not provide any financial support for this research (other than in-kind). Melbourne Water involvement in this study did not influence the authors' decision to publish. Melbourne Water initially helped with the study design, provided assistance for the collection of samples, and helped prepare this manuscript. Melbourne Water provided financial support in the form of equipment budget, research materials, and sample analysis. All other data from this study are available on demand and can be obtained by contacting David McCarthy at The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding, data contribution, and support of Melbourne Water, the Environment Protection Authority (Victoria), Mornington Peninsula Shire, and the Australian Research Council Linkage Program (LP120100718). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Qiime scripts and list of species included in the NGS analysis have been provided in supplementary materials and the complete minimal NGS data set for all samples is available on the Short Read Archive ( project reference PRJNA309092) to allow replication of the NGS findings of this study. Received: JanuAccepted: Published: May 23, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Schang et al. Bilotta, University of Brighton, UNITED KINGDOM (2016) Evaluation of Techniques for Measuring Microbial Hazards in Bathing Waters: A Comparative Study. While costs (3,000% of IDEXX) and analysis time (300% of IDEXX) were found to be significant drawbacks of NGS, rapid technological advances in this field will soon see it widely adopted.Ĭitation: Schang C, Henry R, Kolotelo PA, Prosser T, Crosbie N, Grant T, et al. The NGS method demonstrated statistically significant correlations between IDEXX and the proportions of sequences belonging to FIOs, Enterobacteriaceae, and Enterococcaceae. The US EPA Method 1611 qPCR method also showed significant correlation with the IDEXX enterococci method but had significant disadvantages such as highly technical analysis and higher operational costs (330% of IDEXX). The TECTA™ system had further advantages in faster turnaround times (~12 hrs from sample receipt to result compared to 24 hrs) no staff time required for interpretation and less user bias (results are automatically calculated, compared to subjective colorimetric decisions). coli and coliform densities, inferred by the IDEXX system, correlated strongly with the TECTA™ system. Water samples (233) were collected from riverine, estuarine and marine environments over the 2014–2015 summer period and analysed by the four methods. coli and enterococci 2) US EPA’s 1611 method (qPCR based enterococci enumeration) and 3) Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). ![]() This study compared industry-standard IDEXX methods (Colilert and Enterolert) with three alternative approaches: 1) TECTA™ system for E. New culture and molecular methods have been developed to counter these drawbacks. However, these methods are costly and time-consuming a serious disadvantage when combined with issues such as non-specificity and user bias. Recreational water quality is commonly monitored by means of culture based faecal indicator organism (FIOs) assays. ![]()
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